One of the important intonation rules that greatly affects the recitation of the Quran is Madd (extension) and its types. In this article, we will explore Madd and its various types, providing examples from the Holy Quran to clarify the meaning and make the rule easier to understand and apply.
Type of Madd in the Tajweed
We are going to discuss the 5 types of Madd in this article.
1. Madd Asli (Primary Madd)
In Arabic, this is the inherent, natural type of Madd and is found inherently in the words. It occurs when a letter of elongation (madd letters) is followed by neither a hamzah (ء) nor a sukoon (ْ). The elongation is natural and limited to two counts (beats).
The madd letters are:
- Alif (ا) preceded by a letter with a fatḥah ( َ ).
- Waw (و) preceded by a letter with a dammah ( ُ ).
- Yaa (ي) preceded by a letter with a kasrah ( ِ ).
Examples:
- Alif (ا):
- قَالَ (Qaala) – Surah Al-Baqarah (2:8)
- مَالِكِ (Maaliki) – Surah Al-Fatihah (1:4)
- Waw (و):
- يَقُولُ (Yaqoolu) – Surah Al-Baqarah (2:8)
- نُوحِي (Noohi) – Surah Yusuf (12:3)
- Yaa (ي):
- فِي (Fee) – Surah Al-Baqarah (2:2)
- الَّذِينَ (Alladheena) – Surah Al-Baqarah (2:3)
2. Madd Far’i (Secondary prolongation)
Madd Far‘i is an extension that exceeds the natural length of Madd Asli (two counts) due to specific conditions, such as the presence of a hamzah (ء) or sukoon ( ْ ). Below are the types of Madd Far‘i and their examples:
ِِA. Madd Muttasil (Connected Prolongation)
Occurs when a hamzah (ء) follows a madd letter in the same word. It is prolonged for 4 to 5 counts.
- Example:
- جَاءَ (Jaa’a) – Surah An-Naba (78:19)
- سِيئَآتْ (Say’aat) – Surah Az-Zumar (39:60)
B. Madd Munfasil (Separated Prolongation)
Occurs when a madd letter is at the end of one word, and a hamzah begins the next word. It is prolonged for 4 to 5 counts.
- Example:
- يآ أَيُّهَا (Yaa Ayyuha) – Surah Al-Baqarah (2:21)
- فِي أَنْفُسِكُمْ (Fee Anfusikum) – Surah Aal-E-Imran (3:30)
C. Madd Laazim (Obligatory Prolongation)
Occurs when a madd letter is followed by a sukoon (ْ) in the same word or after a shaddah (shaddah indicates a doubled letter). It is prolonged for 6 counts.
- Example:
- الْحَاقَّةُ (Al-Haaqqah) – Surah Al-Haqqah (69:1)
- وَلَا الضَّالِّينَ (Wala Ad-Daalleen) – Surah Al-Fatihah (1:7)
Read also about Tajweed Rules
D. Madd ‘Aridh Lis-Sukoon (Temporary Prolongation)
Occurs when a madd letter is followed by a temporary sukoon at the end of a verse or pause during recitation. It is prolonged for 2, 4, or 6 counts.
- Example:
- الْعَالَمِينَ (Al-‘Aalameen) – Surah Al-Fatihah (1:2)
- نَسْتَعِينُ (Nasta’een) – Surah Al-Fatihah (1:5)
F. Madd Badal (Substitution Prolongation)
Occurs when a hamzah precedes a madd letter. It is prolonged for 2 counts, similar to Madd Asli.
- Example:
- آمَنُوا (Aamanu) – Surah Al-Baqarah (2:2)
- إِيمَانًا (Eemana) – Surah Al-A’raf (7:26)
G. Madd Lin (Soft Prolongation)
Occurs when a letter of lin (و or ي with a preceding fatḥah) is followed by a temporary sukoon. It is prolonged for 2, 4, or 6 counts.
- Example:
- خَوْفٍ (Khawf) – Surah Quraysh (106:4)
- بَيْتٍ (Bayt) – Surah Quraysh (106:3)
Takeaway
In this article give a summary of the types of madd in the Tajweed if you need to learn more you can enroll in our online class Learn Quran Recitation with Tajweed ,in this course will help you to recite the Quran with Tajweed rules through on-to-one personalized online sessions.